ABSTRACT: There is limited information regarding both nitrogen (N) and energy partitioning of dairy cows grazing well–managed tropical pastures. The objective of this study was to investigate the N and energy partitioning of mid–lactation dairy cows on rotationally grazed elephant grass using two pre–grazing targets: 95 % or maximum canopy light interception (LI95% or LIMax) during regrowth. The study used 26 Holstein × Jersey dairy cows arranged in a randomized complete block design with three 40–day periods of sampling. Grazing at LI95% increased organic matter and crude protein intake by 20 % (p ≤ 0.05) which resulted in a 9 % increase in fat corrected milk yield (p ≤ 0.05) relative to LIMax. Cows grazing at LI95% had greater concentration of total volatile fatty acids, butyrate and valerate (p ≤ 0.05), and smaller acetate (p ≤ 0.05) than those grazing at LIMax. Intake of net energy for lactation (NEL) and NEL secreted in milk were greater (p ≤ 0.05), while partitioning of NEL towards maintenance tended to be greater (p = 0.07) for cows grazing at LI95% than those grazing at LIMax. Milk urea nitrogen and both urine and fecal N excretion were greater for cows grazing at LI95% (p ≤ 0.05), but N excretion intensity was lower than in cows grazing at LIMax (p ≤ 0.05). Strategic grazing management using the LI95% pre–grazing target increases N losses through both urine and feces; however, it reduces N excretion intensity of dairy cows by 9 %.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar estratégias de suplementação sobre o ganho médio diário (GMD) de bovinos pastejando capim-colonião (Panicum maximum) sob lotação rotacionada na estação chuvosa. Também foi avaliado o efeito residual na fase de terminação em confinamento. Setenta e cinco bezerros mestiços não-castrados de oito meses com peso corporal (PC) médio de 200,1 ± 2,5 kg foram estratificados e agrupados de acordo com PC, distribuídos em 25 blocos, e aleatorizados entre três tratamentos: controle (sem suplementação), suplemento energético [65 g de proteína bruta (PB)/kg matéria seca (MS)] ou suplemento proteico (200 g PB/kg MS) ambos fornecidos a 6 g/kg PC. Os animais compuseram um único rebanho sendo separados diariamente de acordo com o tratamento para suplementação. Após a fase de pastejo, esses foram movidos para um confinamento onde receberam a mesma dieta até o abate. O capim-colonião foi pastejado sob lotação rotacionada com altura média pré- e pós-pastejo de 76 e 43 cm, respectivamente. Os suplementos proporcionaram GMD semelhante (P > 0,05; 0,94 kg/dia) e superior ao dos animais não suplementados na fase de pastejo (P < 0,05; 0,74 kg/dia) e sem diferença na fase de confinamento (P > 0,05; 1,45 kg/dia). O suplemento proteico não proporciona ganho adicional sobre o energético, sem diferenças sobre o GMD e as características de carcaça de tourinhos mestiços durante a fase de pastejo, indicando que ambas as fontes de suplementação podem ser utilizadas baseado no custo e na disponibilidade, e indicando que o suplemento energético poderia proporcionar uso mais eficiente dos nutrientes contidos na forragem.

ABSTRACT To evaluate the influence of supplementation strategies on the average daily gain (ADG) of cattle in a rotational grazing system of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv. Coloniao) pastures during the rainy season. It was further evaluated the residual effects in the feedlot finishing phase. Seventy-five 8 month-old crossbred bull calves averaging 200.1 ± 2.5 kg of body weight (BW) were stratified and grouped in three into 25 blocks according to BW, and then randomly assigned to one of three supplementation treatments: control (no supplement), energy supplement [65 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter (DM)] or protein supplement (200 g CP/kg DM) both fed as 6 g/kg BW. All animals composed a single herd and were separated daily according to treatment groups for supplementation. After the grazing phase, all animals were moved to a feedlot and received the same diet up until slaughter. Guinea grass was subjected to rotational stocking with pre- and post-grazing heights of 76 and 43 cm, respectively. Energy and protein supplements provided similar ADG (P > 0.05; 0.94 kg/day) which was greater than for non-supplemented animals during the grazing phase (P ≤ 0.05; 0.74 kg/day), but there was no difference in the subsequent feedlot phase (P > 0.05; 1.45 kg/day). The protein supplement had no incremental effects over the energy supplement on ADG and carcass traits of growing crossbreed bulls during the grazing phase, indicating that either source could be used, and that an energy supplement would lead to more efficient nutrient use coming from the grass.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grazing intensity on herbage accumulation, animal performance, and total system yield on irrigated Tanzania grass pastures under rotational stocking. The experiment was conducted from October 1999 to January 2001, in a complete randomized block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of three grazing intensities, represented by the following quantities of green forage dry mass remaining after grazing: 1,000 (high intensity), 2,500 (intermediate intensity) and 4,000 (low intensity) kg ha−1. Grazing cycles were of 36 days (33 rest and 3 grazing). The values observed at the end of the experiment for post grazing forage mass were close to the proposed values. Forage yield was 25,278, 36,850, and 34,144 kg DM ha−1, whereas animal performance was 0.398, 0.541, and 0.564 kg BW day−1for high, intermediate and low intensities, respectively. Grazing intensity was positive related to the stocking rate (6.5, 5.2 and 4.1 AU ha−1 at high, intermediate and low intensities, respectively). Total system yield was not affected by treatments, ranging between 1,518 and 1,287 kg BW ha−1 year−1.